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　奨Ⅲ　章 5） Hale M, Wild J, Reddy J, et al. Naldemedine versus placebo for opioid‒induced constipation （COMPOSE‒1 and COMPOSE‒2）: two multicentre, phase 3, double‒blind, randomised, parallel‒group trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2: 555‒64 6） Katakami N, Oda K, Tauchi K, et al. Phase IIb, randomized, double‒blind, placebo‒controlled study of naldemedine for the treatment of opioid‒induced constipation in patients with can-cer. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35: 1921‒8 7） Webster LR, Yamada T, Arjona Ferreira JC. A phase 2b, randomized, double‒blind placebo‒controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of naldemedine for the treatment of opioid‒induced constipation in patients with chronic noncancer pain. Pain Med 2017; 18: 2350‒60 8） Webster LR, Brewer RP, Lichtlen P, et al. Efficacy of lubiprostone for the treatment of opioid‒ 9） Spierings ELH, Drossman DA, Cryer B, et al. Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with opioid‒induced constipation: phase 3 study results and pooled analysis of the effect of concomitant methadone use on clinical outcomes. Pain Med 2018; 19: 1184‒94 10） Webster LR, Nalamachu S, Morlion B, et al. Long‒term use of naldemedine in the treatment of opioid‒induced constipation in patients with chronic noncancer pain: a randomized, double‒blind, placebo‒controlled phase 3 study. Pain 2018; 159: 987‒94 11） Katakami N, Harada T, Murata T, et al. Randomized phase III and extension studies of nalde-medine in patients with opioid‒induced constipation and cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35: 3859‒66. b） Müller‒Lissner S, Bassotti G, Coffin B, et al. Opioid‒induced constipation and bowel dysfunc- c） Candy B, Jones L, Vickerstaff V, et al. Mu‒opioid antagonists for opioid‒induced bowel dys-function in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 6: CD006332 d） Rossi M, Casale G, Badiali D, et al. Opioid‒induced bowel dysfunction: suggestions from a 【参考文献】 a） Crockett SD, Greer KB, Heidelbaugh JJ, et al.; American Gastroenterological Association Insti-tute Clinical Guidelines Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Medical Management of Opioid‒Induced Constipation. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 218‒26induced constipation, analyzed by opioid class. Pain Med 2018; 19: 1195‒205tion: a clinical guideline. Pain Med 2017; 18: 1837‒63multidisciplinary expert Board. Support Care Cancer 2019; 27: 4083‒90145推2　有害作用に関する臨床疑問